推理判斷題是歷年高考英語命題的集中點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，它包括推理和判斷兩個(gè)方面，要求考生在通篇理解文章表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，依托語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，合理利用歸納、演繹、分析、綜合、引申等邏輯推理判斷手段，去挖掘文中的隱含意義和深層意義，屬于閱讀理解中主觀性較強(qiáng)、層次較高、難度較大的題目，因而考生相對(duì)容易出錯(cuò)，得分率較低?；诖?，本文擬對(duì)此題型加以探究剖析，以幫助廣大高三考生全面了解該題型并最終提升應(yīng)試能力。
請(qǐng)看近三年全國卷I、II、III考查推理判斷題的情況統(tǒng)計(jì)：
從上表可以看出，近三年全國卷I、II、III考查推理判斷題每年大多在4-5題左右，占據(jù)了閱讀理解第一節(jié)總題量的27%-33%左右。其中考查數(shù)量最少的是2019年全國卷II，只有2 題，而最多的是同年的卷I，有7題，占近15題的一半。順便提及，近三年全國卷共9套試題中第35題都考查推理判斷，其中多達(dá)7次考查標(biāo)題判斷?？梢哉f，推理判斷題在高考閱讀理解總題數(shù)中所占比重僅次于細(xì)節(jié)理解題，考生給予足夠重視是應(yīng)該而且是必須的。
1.推理判斷題的考查形式
一般來說，推理判斷題可歸納為七種考查形式：
（1）細(xì)節(jié)推斷題（如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物性格特征、事件因果等）
（2）寫作目的/意圖推斷題
?。?/span>3）觀點(diǎn)/態(tài)度推斷題
（4）文章出處推斷題
?。?/span>5）篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題
（6）標(biāo)題判斷題
?。?/span>7）下文內(nèi)容推斷題（如對(duì)故事的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局和下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)等）
2.常見的設(shè)問方式有
What can we infer about…?
It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that …
We can infer/conclude from reading the passage that…
Which of the following statements is True/False according to the passage?
All the statements are true except…
What’s the author’s main purpose/attitude toward…？
The purpose in writing this text is to …
This passage would mostly likely be found in…
This passage most likely comes from…
Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
What is the best title for the text?
What can be a suitable title for the text?
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that…
What will the next paragraph be about?
What is the author’s attitude to the future of…?
What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?
What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write …
The next paragraph would most probably deals with…
3.推理判斷題的突破策略
?。?/span>1）考試大綱要求考生根據(jù)文章所提供的事實(shí)及自己的一些常識(shí)進(jìn)行合理的推斷，因此無論做哪種推理判斷題都要求考生先通讀全文，盡量掌握文中的全部信息和事實(shí)，在通盤理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，經(jīng)過分析思考而形成一定的觀點(diǎn)并作出正確的推斷。
?。?/span>2）閱讀題干，鎖定其中 infer, imply, suggest, conclude, intend 等與推理判斷相關(guān)的詞，明確答題方向。對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，直接排除與原文信息一樣的選項(xiàng)，縮小思考范圍，再以文章所提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，結(jié)合語境與生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推斷。
?。?/span>3）把握正確選項(xiàng)的特征：這類題的正確選項(xiàng)絕不是文中直接說明的內(nèi)容，必須是間接表達(dá)出來的，而且含義往往比較深刻。
（4）注意干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容只是原文的簡單復(fù)述，不需要經(jīng)過推斷，這樣的選項(xiàng)直接予以排除；太過絕對(duì)化、擴(kuò)大化的選項(xiàng)要排除；看似從原文推斷出的結(jié)論，但與原文主基調(diào)不符的結(jié)論也應(yīng)排除；推斷時(shí)要客觀，忠實(shí)于原文，不要受主觀意志的影響，不能以考生自己的觀點(diǎn)或常識(shí)代替作者的想法，不能主觀臆測(cè)。
?。?/span>5）掌握表述作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的形容詞，這類詞一般分為三類：
中性詞：objective, neutral ( 中立的 )，indifferent, uninterested,…
褒義詞：approving, supportive, enthusiastic, optimistic, helpful, confident, interesting, positive, impressive …
貶義詞：skeptical, disgusting, critical, negative, disappointed, doubtful, pessimistic, opposed …
4.考生易錯(cuò)分析
(1)把照搬原文原句的選項(xiàng)當(dāng)作正確答案。這種題目的性質(zhì)決定了文章中不可能直接找到答案。因此，即使選項(xiàng)中有原文原句也不能判定為答案。
(2)推理判斷不以文章提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，而是主觀臆斷。進(jìn)行推理判斷務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：將已知部分作為推論的前提，從中推測(cè)出未知部分，得出推理的結(jié)論。切勿以生活常識(shí)或自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為想當(dāng)然的依據(jù)進(jìn)行推斷，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。
(3)推理判斷不夠恰當(dāng)。比如，干擾選項(xiàng)中使用文章中出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但與文章內(nèi)容沒有直接關(guān)系；干擾選項(xiàng)只涉及了文章某一部分的內(nèi)容，但并非全部；選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)太過絕對(duì)化的詞匯等。
5.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
A
In the past decade, the use of social media has grown in a way that no one could have guessed. It has turned some teenagers into celebrities ( 名 人 ) and turned the famous into the infamous, overnight.
A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility. Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared. So, what were the key social media trends of 2018?
Short video apps such as TikTok and its Chinese equivalent（對(duì)應(yīng)物）Douyin, took the world by storm. The Telegraph reported that TikTok was ranked 8th on Apple’s App Store in April. And Douyin had more than 300 million domestic monthly active users in June, CNBC said.
Why are these short videos–which are rarely longer than a few minutes–so popular? Jiang Yige, Singapore-based analyst at FengHe Fund Management, has a theory. Short videos are “just right to fill in the little gaps in our busy schedules,”he told CNBC.
These videos–apart from being very convenient–are important to teenagers because they allow them to express themselves, according to Teen Vogue.
The sense of community that users of short video app get is another appealing feature. Liza Koshy, a user of the US app Musically who has over 2 million followers, said that she was thrilled when anyone said that her video had “inspired” them. “It’s really cool … because I think as social creators that’s what we all are,” she added.
Live streaming （直播） is another feature of our social media life that now seems as natural
as sunrise. It’s a pretty neat idea: You can watch anyone, anywhere, live. However, China has taken live streaming to a whole new level. In China, more than 100 million viewers monthly watch a live streaming video. Forbes thought that a number of factors had led to the popularity of live streams. Among them is viewers’ ability to interact while remaining anonymous.
However, the boom in social media may be having side effects too. Fake news is one serious problem it causes. Materials shared on these platforms is often not checked for accuracy. The most basic content can be false and can mislead users one way or another. We use social media all the time; that doesn’t mean that we understand the influence it is having on us. We should be mindful of both the time we spend on it and its impact on our minds.
1.The underlined word“volatility”in Paragraph 2 possibly means “being _______”.
A. changeable B. steady
C. promising D. violent
2.According to Lisa Koshy, short videos are very popular because _______.
A. they are very convenient
B. they help people kill time
C. they provide a sense of community
D. they allow people to express themselves
3.What can we learn about social media from the text?
A. The information from social media is highly reliable.
B. When it comes to social media, people know short videos the best.
C. People can’t communicate with each other without social media.
D. There is still much room for social media to make improvement.
4. What is the author’s attitude to the quick development of social media?
A. Objective B. Subjective
C. Favorable D. Disapproving
5. What is the best title for the text?
A. Rapid Development of Social Media
B. Key Social Media Trends ruling 2018
C. Short Videos Taking the World by Storm
D. Live Streaming—New Feature of Social Media
【簡析】本文是一篇說明文。在過去的十年中，社交媒體的發(fā)展速度驚人，短視頻、直播流媒體給人們的生活帶來了便利，能夠讓人們展現(xiàn)自我，帶來認(rèn)同感。但是，社交媒體的興起也可能產(chǎn)生副作用，我們應(yīng)該客觀地看待它。
1.A 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的 Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared. 可知，發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來的快消失的也快。這句話是在解釋劃線詞語，因此該詞意為“經(jīng)常變化，容易變化”，所在句子意為 “然而，社交媒體的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵特征是其易變性”，即 being changeable。故選 A。
2.C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中的 “The sense of community that users of short video app get is another appealing feature. Liza Koshy… said that she was thrilled when anyone said that her video had “inspired” them.” 可知，按Lisa Koshy所說，短視頻非常受歡迎在于它的另一個(gè)吸引人的功能：短視頻應(yīng)用程序的用戶獲得了認(rèn)同感。故選 C。其它選項(xiàng)均不是Liza Koshy 的觀點(diǎn)，應(yīng)予以排除。
3.D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“However, the boom in social media may be having side effects too. Fake news is one serious problem it arguably causes. Materials shared on these platforms is often not checked for accuracy. The most basic content can be false and can mislead users one way or another.”可知，社交媒體上傳播的假新聞是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題，這會(huì)誤導(dǎo)用戶。因此社交媒體還存在問題，仍舊有很大的改進(jìn)空間。故選 D。
4.A 態(tài)度判斷題。閱讀全文可知，作者分析了社交媒體的迅猛發(fā)展以及帶來的負(fù)面影響，作者只是陳述事實(shí)，就事論事，并未發(fā)表自己的主觀看法，因此作者的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是“客觀的”。
5.B 標(biāo)題判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility. Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared. So, what were the key social media trends of 2018? ”可知，社交媒體的主要特征是它的易變性。發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來的快消失的也快。2018年社交媒體的主要趨勢(shì)是什么？文章接下來回答了這個(gè)問題。因此B項(xiàng)（2018 年的主要社交媒體趨勢(shì)）作為文章標(biāo)題最合適。故選B。
B
I will never forget the days when I met with my classmates. Early in the morning of our first school day, our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn’t know yet. I stood up look around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned round to find a wrinkled, little old lady beaming up at me with a smile that lit up her entire being.
She said, “Hi handsome. My name is Rose. Can I give you a hug?”
I laughed and enthusiastically responded, “Of course you may!” and she gave me a giant squeeze.
“Why are you in college at such a young, innocent age?” I asked.
rich husband, get married, and have a couple of kids…”
“No seriously,” I asked. I was curious what may have motivated her to be taking on this challenge at her age.
“I always dreamed of having a college education and now I’m getting one!” she told me.
After class we shared a chocolate milk shake. We became instant friends. Every day we would leave class together and talk nonstop. I was always mesmerized（迷?。?/span>listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom and experience with me.
At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I’ll never forget what she taught us.
“There is only one secret to staying young. You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die. We have so many people walking round who are dead and don’t even know it! There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up. If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eight. Anybody can grow older. That doesn’t take any talent of ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding opportunity in change. Have no regrets. The elderly usually don’t have regrets for what we did, but rather for things we did not do. The only people who fear death are those with regrets.”
She concluded her speech by courageously singing The Rose. She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives.
1. Why did the lady want to hug the author?
A. Because she wanted to challenge her professor.
B. Because she wanted to break the ice.
C. Because she wanted to find a rich husband.
D. Because she wanted to have a college education.
2. Which of the following statements agrees with the text best?
A. The author enjoyed his experience of chatting with the “time machine”.
B. The author and the lady soon became close friends.
C . Talented people can easily find opportunities.
D. Old people usually don’t fear death.
3. It can be inferred that Rose is _______.
A. a lively college student
B. the author’s girlfriend
C. a young and innocent lady
D. an encouraging song
4. What is the life lesson the author learned from his experience?
A. An idle youth, a needy age.
B. Learn wherever you are.
C. A faithful friend is hard to find.
D. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
【簡析】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者在大學(xué)遇到的87歲的新同學(xué)Rose，雖然年齡相差甚大，但他們成為了好朋友。學(xué)期末，在學(xué)校的足球晚宴上Rose應(yīng)邀發(fā)表了一次演講，她給年輕的大學(xué)生們傳遞了一個(gè)信息：永遠(yuǎn)別放棄夢(mèng)想。
1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容可知，教授要求我們結(jié)識(shí)還不認(rèn)識(shí)的人，為了打破尷尬，有一位叫Rose的女士和我主動(dòng)打招呼并提出要擁抱我。故選 B。
2.B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第八段，下課后，他們共飲巧克力奶昔，每天一起離開課堂，聊起來沒完沒了，得知作者和這位女士很快成為了好朋友。故選B。
3.A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)作者和 Rose 之間的對(duì)話以及I was always mesmerized（迷?。?/span>listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom and experience with me. 可推斷出 Rose是一位有活力的大學(xué)生。故選A。
4.D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第十段Rose的演講可知作者永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記她的教誨：保持年輕的秘訣是要有夢(mèng)想。一個(gè)人如果沒有夢(mèng)想只有遺憾就會(huì)衰老死去。故選D。（西北師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué) 黃友之）
